In the U.S. corporations are considered a "person" in law, and that they have the same rights as citizens. this is the reason many corporations get away with crimes such as embezzlement and murder. Who is to blame in these corporations? Seeing as authorities cannot blame the entire corporation for the crime they must turn to the corporate executives to suffer the consequences. Though there is still a chance that the workers are committing these crimes, the majority of the crimes are done by executives or people in high power. They are done by this wealthy group because they are generally the ones that go unsuspected, or can carry out the crimes without much afterthought by the corporation.
So the answer? Yes corporations can commit murder
New York, Warner Lambert Company and several of its officials were indicted for second-degree manslaughter and criminally negligent homicide after a 1976 explosion in the company's gum-making plant killed six workers. The prosecution alleged that the blast could be traced to the failure of officials to install an adequate exhaust system. Although it did not disallow the possibility of such a prosecution under different circumstances, an appellate court dismissed the indictment, stating that the actual cause of the explosion had been unforeseeable. Even though alot of these crimes are put to the side as "accidents" or "unforseeable" they are still crimes and someone had to contribute to it in someway. Seeing as the corporation is considered a "person" and have the same rights as citizens then it should be tried in the same way another murder would be.
most corporation crimes are done for no other reason but money, money, and power. the amount that a corporation or even one man staring a corporate crime can get away with is huge. I mean millions if not billions huge. but if they get busted with that amount of heat and are brought to court with the same rights as a human picture the lock up years.
Monday, 7 November 2011
DNA Profiling LAW 10
DNA Profiling AKA ( DNA Testing, DNA Typing and Genetic Fingerprinting ) is a special technique developed by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England.This technique Invovles taking and analyzing the genetic code within the nucleus or mitochondria. Looking to encrypt sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup. DNA profiling was first tested in 1984 to which became commercialized in 1987.
Discoveries made by DNA reached a phenomanol point in enabling the slightest of clues such as saliva on a cup to become a solid lead as all humans are of a different DNA code with the exclusion of monozygoyic twin. DNA profiling is 99.99 accurate or from a theoretical risk of a coincidental match 1 in 100 billion (100,000,000,000), although the practical risk is actually 1 in 1000 because monozygotic twins are 0.2% of the human population putting a higher risk of fail on DNA contamination then to have the same DNA.
Double Helix (AKA) "DNA"
Storing of DNA samples
- paper breaths, and allows the item of evidence to remain dry.
- Plastic bags do not breath, and can cause moisture and mold to grow on the evidence, which in turn can have a negative affect on DNA testing
3. Biological evidence should be stored under laboratory conditions as available resources permit
or in a cool, dry climate, free of moisture 4. Place liquid items in collection tubes and refrigerate
Methods of gathering DNA
Before a DNA test can be performed, a control sample should be
obtained from the victim, suspect, and any other persons whose DNA
may be found on the item of evidence.
Amongst a crime scene one of the things collected is DNA, but DNA is microscopic so how is it collected? DNA is collected by gathering substances that would contain DNA naturally or un-naturally such as blood stains, residue from a cigar, a water bottle, and much more obvious and some not so obvious sources. The process for collecting DNA is simple enough find a source but the caution needed is to the extreme; even the slightest patch of germ can cause cross-contamination to which will make evidence invalid. In order to prevent this precautions are taken such as wearing proper equipment such as glove, shoe wrappings, and baggies for containment.
Once in the back in the lab with the DNA samples then a standard order of events will taken to which vary on the type of analysis.
1 Briefing & signing of documents,
2 DNA extraction,
Types of Analysis
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
RFLP is a technique for analyzing the variable lengths of DNA fragments that result from digesting a DNA sample with a special kind of enzyme. This enzyme, a restriction endonuclease, cuts DNA at a specific sequence pattern know as a restriction endonuclease recognition site. The presence or absence of certain recognition sites in a DNA sample generates variable lengths of DNA fragments, which are separated using gel electrophoresis. They are then hybridized with DNA probes that bind to a complementary DNA sequence in the sample.
RFLP was one of the first applications of DNA analysis to forensic investigation. With the development of newer, more efficient DNA-analysis techniques, RFLP is not used as much as it once was because it requires relatively large amounts of DNA. In addition, samples degraded by environmental factors, such as dirt or mold, do not work well with RFLP.
PCR Analysis
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to make millions of exact copies of DNA from a biological sample. DNA amplification with PCR allows DNA analysis on biological samples as small as a few skin cells. With RFLP, DNA samples would have to be about the size of a quarter. The ability of PCR to amplify such tiny quantities of DNA enables even highly degraded samples to be analyzed. Great care, however, must be taken to prevent contamination with other biological materials during the identifying, collecting, and preserving of a sample.
STR Analysis
Short tandem repeat (STR) technology is used to evaluate specific regions (loci) within nuclear DNA. Variability in STR regions can be used to distinguish one DNA profile from another. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses a standard set of 13 specific STR regions for CODIS. CODIS is a software program that operates local, state, and national databases of DNA profiles from convicted offenders, unsolved crime scene evidence, and missing persons.
Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
Mitochondrial DNA analysis (mtDNA) can be used to examine the DNA from samples that cannot be analyzed by RFLP or STR. Nuclear DNA must be extracted from samples for use in RFLP, PCR, and STR; however, mtDNA analysis uses DNA extracted from another cellular organelle called a mitochondrion. While older biological samples that lack nucleated cellular material, such as hair, bones, and teeth, cannot be analyzed with STR and RFLP, they can be analyzed with mtDNA. In the investigation of cases that have gone unsolved for many years, mtDNA is extremely valuable.
All mothers have the same mitochondrial DNA as their offspring. This is because the mitochondria of each new embryo comes from the mother's egg cell. The father's sperm contributes only nuclear DNA. Comparing the mtDNA profile of unidentified remains with the profile of a potential maternal relative can be an important technique in missing-person investigations.
Y-Chromosome Analysis
The Y chromosome is passed directly from father to son, so analysis of genetic markers on the Y chromosome is especially useful for tracing relationships among males or for analyzing biological evidence involving multiple male contributors.
Uses in the Crime
DNA profiling proves its use when it comes to confirming and matching victims to murder weapons from little amounts of evidence such as a pool of blood to stains of blood on a knife. proving even more of its use on confirming who was present to the crime scene and who may have committed the crime with as little DNA possible such as saliva on a cup or a strand of hair that had fallen off once the sample have been collected and run CODIS and the sample then matches the suspect then it is almost 100% undeniable that they had been there at the time of the crime. However there has been a case in which the suspect had injected other beings (human/animal) blood into his own blood stream
in order to by pass DNA profiling.
Case Involving DNA Profiling
A young woman was murdered in Phoenix, Arizona, and a pager found at the scene of the crime led the police to a prime suspect. He admitted picking up the victim but claimed she had robbed him of his wallet and pager. The forensic squad examined the suspect's pickup truck and collected pods later identified as the fruits of the palo verde tree. One detective went back to the murder scene and found several Palo Verde trees, one of which showed damage that could have been caused by a vehicle. The detective's superior officer innocently suggested the possibility of linking the fruits and the tree by using DNA comparison, not realizing that this had never been done before. Several researchers were contacted before a geneticist at the University of Arizona in Tucson agreed to take on the case. Of course, it was crucial to establish evidence that would stand up in court on whether individual plants have unique patterns of DNA. A preliminary study on samples from different trees at the murder scene and elsewhere quickly established that each Palo Verde tree is unique in its DNA pattern. It was then a simple matter to link the pods from the suspect's truck to the damaged tree at the murder scene and obtain a conviction.
The sources used to obtain my information has been through various books from the library and teacher as well as some internet site
Urls
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml
http://www.dnaforensic.org/dna_typing/dnatyping_2.html
Books
Crime and detection
Crime for idiots
and random assortment from the library
Discoveries made by DNA reached a phenomanol point in enabling the slightest of clues such as saliva on a cup to become a solid lead as all humans are of a different DNA code with the exclusion of monozygoyic twin. DNA profiling is 99.99 accurate or from a theoretical risk of a coincidental match 1 in 100 billion (100,000,000,000), although the practical risk is actually 1 in 1000 because monozygotic twins are 0.2% of the human population putting a higher risk of fail on DNA contamination then to have the same DNA.
Double Helix (AKA) "DNA"
Storing of DNA samples
 |
| DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
1. Biological evidence should be allowed to air dry before packaging.
- ideally, it should be hung up in a clean dry room, away from direct sunlight
2. Biological evidence should be packaged in paper bags.- ideally, it should be hung up in a clean dry room, away from direct sunlight
- paper breaths, and allows the item of evidence to remain dry.
- Plastic bags do not breath, and can cause moisture and mold to grow on the evidence, which in turn can have a negative affect on DNA testing
3. Biological evidence should be stored under laboratory conditions as available resources permit
or in a cool, dry climate, free of moisture 4. Place liquid items in collection tubes and refrigerate
Methods of gathering DNA
 |
| DNA Swab Kit |
1. Photograph stain/sample with and without a scale
2. Carefully swab the stain
- preferably with no dilution
- if stain is dry, use one drop of distilled water on the swab
3. Allow to air dry before packaging - preferably with no dilution
- if stain is dry, use one drop of distilled water on the swab
4. Carefully label & seal (date, time, initials).
5. Maintain the chain of custody.
6. Provide information that you think may be important.
- Note if items were collected from an unusual location or might have possible contaminants.
7. Forward to the forensic lab ASAP- Note if items were collected from an unusual location or might have possible contaminants.
Before a DNA test can be performed, a control sample should be
obtained from the victim, suspect, and any other persons whose DNA
may be found on the item of evidence.
Amongst a crime scene one of the things collected is DNA, but DNA is microscopic so how is it collected? DNA is collected by gathering substances that would contain DNA naturally or un-naturally such as blood stains, residue from a cigar, a water bottle, and much more obvious and some not so obvious sources. The process for collecting DNA is simple enough find a source but the caution needed is to the extreme; even the slightest patch of germ can cause cross-contamination to which will make evidence invalid. In order to prevent this precautions are taken such as wearing proper equipment such as glove, shoe wrappings, and baggies for containment.
Once in the back in the lab with the DNA samples then a standard order of events will taken to which vary on the type of analysis.
1 Briefing & signing of documents,
2 DNA extraction,
3 PCR amplification of selected Short Tandem Repeat (STR) markers(part may vary depending on type)
4 Automated DNA analysis
5 Statistical analyses of matching DNA profiles
6 Release of results to all parties concerned
Types of Analysis
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
RFLP is a technique for analyzing the variable lengths of DNA fragments that result from digesting a DNA sample with a special kind of enzyme. This enzyme, a restriction endonuclease, cuts DNA at a specific sequence pattern know as a restriction endonuclease recognition site. The presence or absence of certain recognition sites in a DNA sample generates variable lengths of DNA fragments, which are separated using gel electrophoresis. They are then hybridized with DNA probes that bind to a complementary DNA sequence in the sample.
RFLP was one of the first applications of DNA analysis to forensic investigation. With the development of newer, more efficient DNA-analysis techniques, RFLP is not used as much as it once was because it requires relatively large amounts of DNA. In addition, samples degraded by environmental factors, such as dirt or mold, do not work well with RFLP.
PCR Analysis
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to make millions of exact copies of DNA from a biological sample. DNA amplification with PCR allows DNA analysis on biological samples as small as a few skin cells. With RFLP, DNA samples would have to be about the size of a quarter. The ability of PCR to amplify such tiny quantities of DNA enables even highly degraded samples to be analyzed. Great care, however, must be taken to prevent contamination with other biological materials during the identifying, collecting, and preserving of a sample.
STR Analysis
Short tandem repeat (STR) technology is used to evaluate specific regions (loci) within nuclear DNA. Variability in STR regions can be used to distinguish one DNA profile from another. The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) uses a standard set of 13 specific STR regions for CODIS. CODIS is a software program that operates local, state, and national databases of DNA profiles from convicted offenders, unsolved crime scene evidence, and missing persons.
Mitochondrial DNA Analysis
Mitochondrial DNA analysis (mtDNA) can be used to examine the DNA from samples that cannot be analyzed by RFLP or STR. Nuclear DNA must be extracted from samples for use in RFLP, PCR, and STR; however, mtDNA analysis uses DNA extracted from another cellular organelle called a mitochondrion. While older biological samples that lack nucleated cellular material, such as hair, bones, and teeth, cannot be analyzed with STR and RFLP, they can be analyzed with mtDNA. In the investigation of cases that have gone unsolved for many years, mtDNA is extremely valuable.
All mothers have the same mitochondrial DNA as their offspring. This is because the mitochondria of each new embryo comes from the mother's egg cell. The father's sperm contributes only nuclear DNA. Comparing the mtDNA profile of unidentified remains with the profile of a potential maternal relative can be an important technique in missing-person investigations.
Y-Chromosome Analysis
The Y chromosome is passed directly from father to son, so analysis of genetic markers on the Y chromosome is especially useful for tracing relationships among males or for analyzing biological evidence involving multiple male contributors.
Uses in the Crime
DNA profiling proves its use when it comes to confirming and matching victims to murder weapons from little amounts of evidence such as a pool of blood to stains of blood on a knife. proving even more of its use on confirming who was present to the crime scene and who may have committed the crime with as little DNA possible such as saliva on a cup or a strand of hair that had fallen off once the sample have been collected and run CODIS and the sample then matches the suspect then it is almost 100% undeniable that they had been there at the time of the crime. However there has been a case in which the suspect had injected other beings (human/animal) blood into his own blood stream
in order to by pass DNA profiling.
Case Involving DNA Profiling
A young woman was murdered in Phoenix, Arizona, and a pager found at the scene of the crime led the police to a prime suspect. He admitted picking up the victim but claimed she had robbed him of his wallet and pager. The forensic squad examined the suspect's pickup truck and collected pods later identified as the fruits of the palo verde tree. One detective went back to the murder scene and found several Palo Verde trees, one of which showed damage that could have been caused by a vehicle. The detective's superior officer innocently suggested the possibility of linking the fruits and the tree by using DNA comparison, not realizing that this had never been done before. Several researchers were contacted before a geneticist at the University of Arizona in Tucson agreed to take on the case. Of course, it was crucial to establish evidence that would stand up in court on whether individual plants have unique patterns of DNA. A preliminary study on samples from different trees at the murder scene and elsewhere quickly established that each Palo Verde tree is unique in its DNA pattern. It was then a simple matter to link the pods from the suspect's truck to the damaged tree at the murder scene and obtain a conviction.
The sources used to obtain my information has been through various books from the library and teacher as well as some internet site
Urls
http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/elsi/forensics.shtml
http://www.dnaforensic.org/dna_typing/dnatyping_2.html
Books
Crime and detection
Crime for idiots
and random assortment from the library
Saturday, 29 October 2011
Marc Lepine VS. Cliffod Olson
Marc Lepine
December 6, 1989
École Polytechnique at theUniversity of Montreal
Marc Lepine AKA the Montreal Massacre Went on an anti-femenist rampage killing 14 woman and wounding 13 others of both genders within 20 minutes The reason for this was he believed women where taking jobs away from hardworking men.. At 5 pm. Marc with his ''lightweight Sturm Ruger Mini-14, .223-caliber semi-automatic rifle'' Started his rampage moving among the halls and floors of the school. Marc Lepine was a Mass Murderer.
Clifford Olson
November 1980-1981 July
B.C.
Tryingto rid himself of his sexual and sadistic desires. This true serial murderer had a cooling off period between murders and used this time to collect himself and continue. (much like other serial killers) Clifford was a hedonistic reasoning killer to which made him committ his spree. For example, a hedonistic killer seeks thrills and derives pleasure from killing, seeing people as expendable means to this goals. But the ease of overpowering a child is what made Clifford go for children instead of woman or young men.
The difference between mass murder and a serial killer is reasoning, timing, and amount killed within that time. reasoning's behind mass murders could a political statement (terrorism) or a getaway/cover-up , etc. Such witnesses of a huge crime being killed off. Whereas reason to motivate a serial killer could be to rid the world of a certain genre of people or to fulfill some kind of desire or emptiness. Mass murders kill numerous people in a short killing spree usually unplanned whilst serial murders involve killing 4 or more people with a cooling of period of a month or so.
December 6, 1989
École Polytechnique at the
Clifford Olson
November 1980-1981 July
B.C.
Tryingto rid himself of his sexual and sadistic desires. This true serial murderer had a cooling off period between murders and used this time to collect himself and continue. (much like other serial killers) Clifford was a hedonistic reasoning killer to which made him committ his spree. For example, a hedonistic killer seeks thrills and derives pleasure from killing, seeing people as expendable means to this goals. But the ease of overpowering a child is what made Clifford go for children instead of woman or young men.
The difference between mass murder and a serial killer is reasoning, timing, and amount killed within that time. reasoning's behind mass murders could a political statement (terrorism) or a getaway/cover-up , etc. Such witnesses of a huge crime being killed off. Whereas reason to motivate a serial killer could be to rid the world of a certain genre of people or to fulfill some kind of desire or emptiness. Mass murders kill numerous people in a short killing spree usually unplanned whilst serial murders involve killing 4 or more people with a cooling of period of a month or so.
Monday, 24 October 2011
short and long term effects of being a crime victim
Being a victim to crime can have life altering effects all revolving around the type of crime, how long it has been happening, and how long ago it happened. For example if something was stolen from the victim and the perp got away it may encourage the victim that they may be able to do the same or even possible seek revenge for what had been stolen. Victims of more severe crimes such as rape may become massively insecure, develop insomnia, and try to remained locked up from the rest of the world.
longer term effects may include:
longer term effects may include:
- Anxiety
- Insomnia
- Depression
- Stress
- Paranoia
- Antisocial/violent behaviour
- Loss of property,money, and other goods
- Re-victimization by justice system
- Anger
- Resentment
- Temporary fear/insomnia
Monday, 17 October 2011
Auto Theft
Auto thefts are most likely commited from people who crave the thrill, have a connection with drugs, or need a get away from a previous crime the recently commited. Though these are just some motives there are many others mainly leading to poverty and in that case the motivations can become quite desperate. Most common methods for auto theft are theft with access to keys (leaving the keys in ignition), theft without access to keys, oppurtunist theft and carjacking ( in which is most infamous as it involves robbing the car while the owner and passengers are in it).
The top 10 stolen vehicles in Canada 2010 are:
Methods of protection are Direct from ICBC
Cops have a system called a bait car however; in which the car is left in a mall parking lot or other high theft area but this particular car is rigged to stop and lock the car where it stands trapping the criminal.
The top 10 stolen vehicles in Canada 2010 are:
- 2000 Honda Civic SiR 2-door
- 1999 Honda Civic SiR 2-door
- 2002 Cadillac Escalade 4-door 4WD
- 2004 Cadillac Escalade 4-door 4WD
- 2005 Acura RSX Type S 2-door
- 1997 Acura Integra 2-door
- 2000 Audi S4 Quattro 4-door AWD
- 2003 Hummer H2 4-door AWD
- 2006 Acura RSX Type S 2-door
- 2004 Hummer H2 4-door AWD
Methods of protection are Direct from ICBC
- Roll up car windows, lock the doors and pocket the key.
- Keep the vehicle registration certificate and proof of insurance in a purse or wallet at all times – not in the glovebox.
- Never leave valuable objects or packages in full view. Put them in the trunk.
- Never leave a vehicle running unattended when getting a coffee or when the vehicle is warming up on the driveway. Approximately 20% of stolen cars have keys in them.
- Always park in a well-lit and busy area.
- At home, park in a garage if available and lock both the garage and car doors.
Cops have a system called a bait car however; in which the car is left in a mall parking lot or other high theft area but this particular car is rigged to stop and lock the car where it stands trapping the criminal.
Wednesday, 12 October 2011
hypermasculinites and male socialization connections to sexual assault...
Male socialization ===> To an up most certain degree males have been subjected to follow certain guidlines and meet standards in order to be true men. Though changed through the ages this pressure is constantly applied to males and such pressure includes being strong, tough, emotionless, and ready for any challenge. This pressure is emphasized at the begining of a boys life such as toys they are expected to play with action heros, toy guns, video games ect. but the majority include violence and how to be tough.
hypermasculine ==> Is the psychological termonology for the exaggeration of stereotypical male hormones though in a biological term it can be having an extra Y chromosome ( Having so does not neseccarliy make you hypermasculine ) but in both terms they can lead to instinctual paterns "survival of the strongest" and can lead to the encouragement of sexual assault.
Putting both Male socialization and a bit of biology such as added Y chromosomes ( increases testosterone ) and you can created a male plausible for hyper-masculinity. If willed enough then yes someone who was brought up in a males need to be tough society and has uber testosterone will likely commit sexual assault. But There are other reasons for sexual assault as It may make some men feel bigger or more powerful and for a lot of men the feel of control is quite high.
hypermasculine ==> Is the psychological termonology for the exaggeration of stereotypical male hormones though in a biological term it can be having an extra Y chromosome ( Having so does not neseccarliy make you hypermasculine ) but in both terms they can lead to instinctual paterns "survival of the strongest" and can lead to the encouragement of sexual assault.
Putting both Male socialization and a bit of biology such as added Y chromosomes ( increases testosterone ) and you can created a male plausible for hyper-masculinity. If willed enough then yes someone who was brought up in a males need to be tough society and has uber testosterone will likely commit sexual assault. But There are other reasons for sexual assault as It may make some men feel bigger or more powerful and for a lot of men the feel of control is quite high.
Monday, 26 September 2011
Theory for crime
Many theories have been made to as what is the reasons that crime happens. Theories such as those made by Ceasare Beccaria, Auguste Comte, Emile Durkeim and others. Even with theories crime can be anything simple from a flash of adrenaline or a sudden impulse to something far more complicated such as a planned homicide.
My theory for crime is that
Crime is caused under ones own free will and that punishment is necessary to deter and abolish those that plan to and have committed a crime by setting an example to what will and does happen. Sterilization of feeble minded and mentally insecure humans preventing offspring can be an effective way to keep the numbers down from genetic crime; putting eugenics as an optimal way to fight crime. As criminal behavior can be passed down from one generation to the next. Other factors such the social factors living in poverty, poor school life, abusive family, religion or lack of, and many others can catalyst crime and that association with crime may influence towards crime. Opportunities for for positive behavior how ever will encourage a lawful behavior.
My theory for crime is that
Crime is caused under ones own free will and that punishment is necessary to deter and abolish those that plan to and have committed a crime by setting an example to what will and does happen. Sterilization of feeble minded and mentally insecure humans preventing offspring can be an effective way to keep the numbers down from genetic crime; putting eugenics as an optimal way to fight crime. As criminal behavior can be passed down from one generation to the next. Other factors such the social factors living in poverty, poor school life, abusive family, religion or lack of, and many others can catalyst crime and that association with crime may influence towards crime. Opportunities for for positive behavior how ever will encourage a lawful behavior.
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